Umeå University's logo

The experiences of past efforts of industrial pollution control while maintaining competitiveness should be of great value to research and policy practice addressing sustainability issues today. In this article, we analyze the environmental adaptation of the Swedish pulp industry during the period 1970–1990 as illustrated by the sulfite pulp producer Domsjö mill. We investigate how this company managed to adapt to heavy transformation pressure from increasing international competition in combination with strict national environmental regulations during the 1960s to the early 1990s. In line with the so-called Porter hypothesis, the company was able to coordinate the problems that were environmental in nature with activities aiming at production efficiency goals and the development of new products. Swedish environmental agencies and legislation facilitated this ―win-win‖ situation by a flexible but still challenging regulatory approach towards the company. From the early 1990s and onwards, the greening of the pulp industry was also a result of increased market pressure for green paper products. 

During the early 21st century, the world market prices for minerals increased dramatically. As a consequence of this development, large investments were made in mining all around the world. Increased exploration activities, the opening of new mines and large investment schemes in already operating mines and related physical infrastructure also gave rise to a “mining boom” in the remote and sparsely populated areas of northern Sweden. New jobs were generated in the mining sector, but the question of whether the “mining boom” also has stimulated economic development in a broader sense in these areas has been more open. The present article investigated whether labour incomes have increased not only in sectors clearly connected to mining, but also in other parts of the local and regional economy. This was done by following the income changes of residents in the mining areas of northern Sweden over the time period 2004–2010 and by using a propensity score matching estimator method (PSM). The results show rapid income growth for employees in the mining industry and construction sectors, but also some growth in several other sectors, indicating spread effects to the rest of the local and regional economies. The impact, however, is much stronger in the largest mining towns than in communities where mining is of less significance.

summary - åäö & lite annat

Background: Health managers play a key role in ensuring that health services are responsive to the needs of the population. Participatory action research (PAR) is one of the approaches that have been used to strengthen managers' capacity. However, collated knowledge on elements for harnessing PAR to strengthen managers' capacity is missing. This paper bridges this gap by reviewing existing literature on the subject matter.

Methods: A critical interpretive synthesis method was used to interrogate eight selected articles. These articles reported the use of PAR to strengthen health managers' capacity. The critical interpretive synthesis method's approach to analysis guided the synthesis. Here, the authors interpretively made connections and linkages between different elements identified in the literature. Finally, the Atun et al. (Heal Pol Plann, 25: 104-111, 2010) framework on integration was used to model the elements synthesised in the literature into five main domains.

Results: Five elements with intricate bi-directional interactions were identified in the literature reviewed. These included a shared purpose, skilled facilitation and psychological safety, activity integration into organisational procedures, organisational support, and external supportive monitoring. A shared purpose of the managers' capacity strengthening initiative created commitment and motivation to learn. This purpose was built upon a set of facilitation skills that included promoting participation, self-efficacy and reflection, thereby creating a safe psychological space within which the managers interacted and learnt from each other and their actions. Additionally, an integrated intervention strengthened local capacity and harnessed organisational support for learning. Finally, supportive monitoring from external partners, such as researchers, ensured quality, building of local capacity and professional safety networks essential for continued learning.

Conclusions: The five elements identified in this synthesis provide a basis upon which the use of PAR can be harnessed, not only to strengthen health managers' capacity, but also to foster other health systems strengthening initiatives involving implementation research. In addition, the findings demonstrated the intricate and complex relations between the elements, which further affirms the need for a systems thinking approach to tackling health systems challenges.

In this study, we presented a new approach for quantification of bicarbonate (HCO3-) molecules bound to PSII. Our method, which is based on a combination of membrane-inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) and O-18-labelling, excludes the possibility of "non-accounted" HCO3- by avoiding (1) the employment of formate for removal of HCO3- from PSII, and (2) the extremely low concentrations of HCO3-/CO2 during online MIMS measurements. By equilibration of PSII sample to ambient CO2 concentration of dissolved CO2/HCO3-, the method ensures that all physiological binding sites are saturated before analysis. With this approach, we determined that in spinach PSII membrane fragments 1.1 +/- 0.1 HCO3- are bound per PSII reaction center, while none was bound to isolated PsbO protein. Our present results confirmed that PSII binds one HCO3- molecule as ligand to the non-heme iron of PSII, while unbound HCO3- optimizes the water-splitting reactions by acting as a mobile proton shuttle.

We greatly appreciate the care and thought that is evident in the 10 commentaries that discuss our debate paper, the majority of which argued in favor of a formalized ICD-11 gaming disorder. We agree that there are some people whose play of video games is related to life problems. We believe that understanding this population and the nature and severity of the problems they experience should be a focus area for future research. However, moving from research construct to formal disorder requires a much stronger evidence base than we currently have. The burden of evidence and the clinical utility should be extremely high, because there is a genuine risk of abuse of diagnoses. We provide suggestions about the level of evidence that might be required: transparent and preregistered studies, a better demarcation of the subject area that includes a rationale for focusing on gaming particularly versus a more general behavioral addictions concept, the exploration of non-addiction approaches, and the unbiased exploration of clinical approaches that treat potentially underlying issues, such as depressive mood or social anxiety first. We acknowledge there could be benefits to formalizing gaming disorder, many of which were highlighted by colleagues in their commentaries, but we think they do not yet outweigh the wider societal and public health risks involved. Given the gravity of diagnostic classification and its wider societal impact, we urge our colleagues at the WHO to err on the side of caution for now and postpone the formalization.

Using multiple sources, this study identifies women’s intergenerational social mobility to a greater degree than most other studies on the topic. It examines the status of the fathers of women who ran a business or craft in a Swedish town that witnessed rapid urban industrial transformations. Whereas only 15 per cent of the businesswomen and 12 per cent of the craftswomen were the daughters of business- or craftsmen, the businesswomen in particular had through their trade been able to improve their social status. The results suggest that these women benefited from the commercial opportunities of their time and not from having a father in business.

The main objective of "Lifebrain" is to identify the determinants of brain, cognitive and mental (BCM) health at different stages of life. By integrating, harmonising and enriching major European neuroimaging studies across the life span, we will merge fine-grained BCM health measures of more than 5000 individuals. Longitudinal brain imaging, genetic and health data are available for a major part, as well as cognitive and mental health measures for the broader cohorts, exceeding 27,000 examinations in total. By linking these data to other databases and biobanks, including birth registries, national and regional archives, and by enriching them with a new online data collection and novel measures, we will address the risk factors and protective factors of BCM health. We will identify pathways through which risk and protective factors work and their moderators. Exploiting existing European infrastructures and initiatives, we hope to make major conceptual, methodological and analytical contributions towards large integrative cohorts and their efficient exploitation. We will thus provide novel information on BCM health maintenance, as well as the onset and course of BCM disorders. This will lay a foundation for earlier diagnosis of brain disorders, aberrant development and decline of BCM health, and translate into future preventive and therapeutic strategies. Aiming to improve clinical practice and public health we will work with stakeholders and health authorities, and thus provide the evidence base for prevention and intervention. (c) 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NCND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

We consider the problem of periodic motion planning and of designing stabilising feedback control laws for such motions in underactuated mechanical systems. A novel periodic motion planning method is proposed. Each state is parametrised by a truncated Fourier series. Then we use numerical optimisation to search for the parameters of the trigonometric polynomial exploiting the measure of discrepancy in satisfying the passive dynamics equations as a performance index. Thus an almost feasible periodic motion is found. Then a linear controller is designed and stability analysis is given to verify that solutions of the closed-loop system stay inside a tube around the planned approximately feasible periodic trajectory. Experimental results for a double rotary pendulum are shown, while numerical simulations are given for models of a spacecraft with liquid sloshing and of a chain of mass spring system.

The development of city regions can be regarded as both a driving force behind and a consequence of increased interaction between firms and people in a region. This paper focuses on people's place attachment to different geographic levels - neighbourhood, residential municipality, and city region - and the relationship between place attachment and mobility. In the present paper, the issues of whether attachment differs between residents in small versus large regions, between the centre and hinterlands, and of whether there is a relationship between attachment and mobility (commuting and migrating) are in focus. The analyses are based on a questionnaire distributed in 2009 to 6000 citizens in the city regions Goteborg and Umea in Sweden. The study shows a relationship between mobility and attachment to the neighbourhood and residential municipality but not with the city region. Satisfaction with the social life in the neighbourhood and public services in the residential municipality were shown to be important for the respondents, place attachment.

Although the number of different types of EVs is increasing, they still constitute only a small share of the total vehicle market. There are a number of barriers to car owners' adoption of an EV: travel needs, charging infrastructure, the individual car owner's socio-economic characteristics, attitudinal factors, and environmental concern. In this study, the characteristics and geographic location of all private car owners in Sweden (N = 4,447,118) are charted. Through analysis of survey data (N = 1192), the importance of socio-demographic attributes, geographic conditions, car interest, personal and social norms, and environmental concern is estimated. Mapping EV ownership shows that, so far, EV adoption has mainly occurred in metropolitan areas and also to some extent in hotspots outside the metropolitan areas, and that these hotspots are tourist regions that may be exposed to EVs via, for example, Norwegian tourists in the Swedish case. Logistic regression analyses show that age and education level have positive impacts on EV ownership. Residential area also has an influence to some extent, pointing to a slight neighborhood effect in EV adoption. However, the most important factor influencing EV ownership is the individual's personal norms. In addition to showcasing EV adoption patterns in Sweden, the contribution of this study is to point to the importance of the attitudinal factor of personal norm even when geographical conditions and socio-demographic characteristics are controlled for. Implications of the findings are discussed.

Denna studie analyserar hur frågan om fördelning och placering av räntan från de norrländska naturresurserna uppkommit, gestaltats och utvecklats av norrländska företrädare och i den nationella politiken gentemot Norrland under perioden 1850-2016. Utgångspunkten för analysen är att Norrlands utveckling under perioden följer ett mönster som visar stora likheter med vad andra naturresursrika regioner i världen upplevt. Samtidigt har det norrländska förloppet även präglats av unika aspekter relaterade till den svenska välfärdsstatens utveckling samt den svenska ekonomins position i internationell ekonomi under 1900-talet.

Inledningsvis visar vi hur Norrland från 1850 fram till omkring 1940 följde ett mönster för en naturresursrik region i enlighet med vad nordamerikanska ekonomisk-historiker som Douglass C. North och Harold A. Innis beskriver. Naturresursexporten expanderade kraftigt men produktionen kom till följd av regionens alltför svaga strukturer för finansiering och ägande att hamna under exogena aktörer. Genom arbetet med att attrahera investeringar till Norrland kom regionens politiska aktörer däremot att bli medvetna om hur politisk mobilisering och organisering kunde få nationalstatsnivån att tilldela Norrland olika offentliga resurser. Perioden från 1940 till 1990 kännetecknades sedan av en rent-seeking-strategi vars mål var att indirekt återföra delar av den ”förlorade” naturresursräntan till Norrland genom agerande inom det politiska systemet. Norrlandskommitténs betänkande från 1949 satte dagordningen för denna strategi. Ett avgörande argument för en expansion av den statliga Norrlandspolitiken i storlek och omfattning från 1940-talet blev att regionen förtjänade kompensation för den naturresursränta som dittills ofta tillfallit exogena aktörer. Den politiska strategin, där naturresursräntan kopplas samman med offentliga utgifter, blev med tiden så dominerande att den nästan helt trängt undan alternativa utvecklingsstrategier. Det blir särskilt tydligt i vår analys av perioden efter 1990 då de dominerande regionala aktörerna inte förmådde förändra sitt agerande och målsättningar, trots att det fanns tydliga indikatorer på att den traditionella strategin borde ha ifrågasatts.

Den norrlandspolitik som utvecklats efter 1940 kan därigenom betraktas som en kompensation för oförmågan hos företagare och politiker i Norrlands eliter att uthålligt transformera förmögenheter baserade på resursräntor till nya och diversifierade verksamheter i starka urbana strukturer. Regionens politiska strategi har istället varit inriktad på att genom offentliga satsningar och transfereringar återföra räntan från naturresurserna till regionen med så begränsad påverkan på lokaliseringsmönstret som möjligt. Naturresursräntan har använts till att säkra väljarbasen för de politiska eliternas strukturer i allians med den naturresursintensiva basindustrins företrädare och ägare. Därmed har inte heller en förskjutning av fokus i Norrland, en strukturomvandling, från naturresursutvinning till en placering av räntan i urbant lokaliserade förädlande näringar varit aktuell. En starkare direkt regional och icke-politiskt bestämd kontroll av räntan t.ex. via ett decentraliserat ägande av aktier i naturresursnäringar och fastigheter har istället vanligen avvisats av de aktörer som formulerat regionens problem och agenda.

Denna studie analyserar hur frågan om fördelning och placering av räntan från de norrländska naturresurserna uppkommit, gestaltats och utvecklats av norrländska företrädare och i den nationella politiken gentemot Norrland under perioden 1850-2016. Utgångspunkten för analysen är att Norrlands utveckling under perioden följer ett mönster som visar stora likheter med vad andra naturresursrika regioner i världen upplevt. Samtidigt har det norrländska förloppet även präglats av unika aspekter relaterade till den svenska välfärdsstatens utveckling samt den svenska ekonomins position i internationell ekonomi under 1900-talet.

Inledningsvis visar vi hur Norrland från 1850 fram till omkring 1940 följde ett mönster för en naturresursrik region i enlighet med vad nordamerikanska ekonomisk-historiker som Douglass C. North och Harold A. Innis beskriver. Naturresursexporten expanderade kraftigt men produktionen kom till följd av regionens alltför svaga strukturer för finansiering och ägande att hamna under exogena aktörer. Genom arbetet med att attrahera investeringar till Norrland kom regionens politiska aktörer däremot att bli medvetna om hur politisk mobilisering och organisering kunde få nationalstatsnivån att tilldela Norrland olika offentliga resurser. Perioden från 1940 till 1990 kännetecknades sedan av en rent-seeking-strategi vars mål var att indirekt återföra delar av den ”förlorade” naturresursräntan till Norrland genom agerande inom det politiska systemet. Norrlandskommitténs betänkande från 1949 satte dagordningen för denna strategi. Ett avgörande argument för en expansion av den statliga Norrlandspolitiken i storlek och omfattning från 1940-talet blev att regionen förtjänade kompensation för den naturresursränta som dittills ofta tillfallit exogena aktörer. Den politiska strategin, där naturresursräntan kopplas samman med offentliga utgifter, blev med tiden så dominerande att den nästan helt trängt undan alternativa utvecklingsstrategier. Det blir särskilt tydligt i vår analys av perioden efter 1990 då de dominerande regionala aktörerna inte förmådde förändra sitt agerande och målsättningar, trots att det fanns tydliga indikatorer på att den traditionella strategin borde ha ifrågasatts.

Den norrlandspolitik som utvecklats efter 1940 kan därigenom betraktas som en kompensation för oförmågan hos företagare och politiker i Norrlands eliter att uthålligt transformera förmögenheter baserade på resursräntor till nya och diversifierade verksamheter i starka urbana strukturer. Regionens politiska strategi har istället varit inriktad på att genom offentliga satsningar och transfereringar återföra räntan från naturresurserna till regionen med så begränsad påverkan på lokaliseringsmönstret som möjligt. Naturresursräntan har använts till att säkra väljarbasen för de politiska eliternas strukturer i allians med den naturresursintensiva basindustrins företrädare och ägare. Därmed har inte heller en förskjutning av fokus i Norrland, en strukturomvandling, från naturresursutvinning till en placering av räntan i urbant lokaliserade förädlande näringar varit aktuell. En starkare direkt regional och icke-politiskt bestämd kontroll av räntan t.ex. via ett decentraliserat ägande av aktier i naturresursnäringar och fastigheter har istället vanligen avvisats av de aktörer som formulerat regionens problem och agenda.

Water relations in plant communities are influenced both by contrasting functional groups (grasses and shrubs) and by climate change via complex effects on interception, uptake, and transpiration. We modeled the effects of functional group replacement and biomass increase, both of which can be outcomes of invasion and vegetation management, and climate change on ecological drought (soil water potential below which photosynthesis stops) in 340 semiarid grassland sites over 30year periods. Relative to control vegetation (climate and site-determined mixes of functional groups), the frequency and duration of drought were increased by shrubs and decreased by annual grasses. The rankings of shrubs, control vegetation, and annual grasses in terms of drought effects were generally consistent in current and future climates, suggesting that current differences among functional groups on drought effects predict future differences. Climate change accompanied by experimentally increased biomass (i.e., the effects of invasions that increase community biomass or management that increases productivity through fertilization or respite from grazing) increased drought frequency and duration and advanced drought onset. Our results suggest that the replacement of perennial temperate semiarid grasslands by shrubs, or increased biomass, can increase ecological drought in both current and future climates.

This study investigated interfacial reactions between aqueous Ce(III) and two synthetic nanosized Mn (hydr-) oxides (manganite: gamma-MnOOH, and vernadite: delta-MnO2) in the absence and presence of Nordic Lake fulvic acid (NLFA) at circumneutral pH by batch experiments and cryogenic X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surfaces of manganite and vernadite were negatively charged (XPS-derived loadings of (Na+ K)/Cl > 1) and loaded with 0.42-4.33 Ce ions nm(-2). Manganite stabilized Ce-oxidation states almost identical to those for vernadite (approximately 75% Ce(IV) and 25% Ce(III)), providing the first experimental evidence that also a Mn (III) phase (manganite) can act as an important scavenger for Ce(IV) and thus, contribute to the decoupling of Ce from its neighboring rare earth elements and the development of Ce anomaly. In contrast, when exposed to Ce (III)-NLFA complexes, the oxidation of Ce by these two Mn (hydr-) oxides was strongly suppressed, suggesting that the formation of Ce(III) complexes with fulvic acid can stabilize Ce(III) even in the presence of oxidative Mn-oxide surfaces. The experiments also showed that Ce(III) complexed with excess NLFA was nearly completely removed, pointing to a strong preferential sorption of Ce(III)-complexed NLFA over free NLFA. This finding suggests that the Ce(III)-NLFA complexes were most likely sorbed by their cation side, i.e. Ce(III) bridging between oxide groups on the Mn (hydr-) oxides and negatively-charged functional groups in NLFA. Hence, Ce(III) was in direct contact with the oxidative manganite and vernadite but despite that not oxidized. An implication is that in organic-rich environments there may be an absence of Ce(IV) and Ce anomaly despite otherwise favorable conditions for Ce(III) oxidation.